Mu 1873, katswiri wa masamu wa ku Britain Maxwell anafotokoza mwachidule equation ya electromagnetic field - Maxwell equation.Equation imasonyeza kuti: magetsi amatha kutulutsa magetsi, magetsi amatha kutulutsa maginito, ndipo kusintha kwa magetsi kungathenso kupanga maginito, ndipo kusintha kwa maginito kungathe kupanga magetsi, omwe amalosera kukhalapo kwa mafunde amagetsi.
Zaka khumi ndi zinayi pambuyo pake, mu 1887, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya ku Germany Heinrich Hertz anapanga mlongoti woyamba kuyesa kukhalapo kwa mafunde a electromagnetic.Kulankhulana opanda zingwe kunayamba mu 1901 pamene katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Italy Gulimo Marconi anagwiritsa ntchito mlongoti waukulu kulankhulana panyanja.
Ntchito yayikulu ya mlongoti: Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutembenuza mphamvu zamagetsi (kapena mafunde otsogozedwa) kukhala mawayilesi awayilesi ndikuzipereka mlengalenga molingana ndi kugawa komwe kudakonzedweratu.Akagwiritsidwa ntchito polandira, amasintha mphamvu yamafunde a wailesi kuchokera kumlengalenga kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi (kapena yowongolera) mphamvu.
Choncho, mlongoti akhoza kuonedwa ngati motsogozedwa yoweyula ndi mafunde mafunde kutembenuka chipangizo, ndi mphamvu kutembenuka chipangizo.
Kupeza kwa antenna
Makhalidwe ofunikira a mlongoti, osadalira ngati amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza kapena kulandira, ndikupeza phindu.
Magwero ena a tinyanga amatulutsa mphamvu mofanana mbali zonse, ndipo ma radiation amtunduwu amatchedwa isotropic radiation.Zili ngati dzuwa likutulutsa mphamvu kumbali zonse.Pamtunda wokhazikika, mphamvu ya dzuwa yoyezedwa pa Angle iliyonse idzakhala yofanana.Choncho, dzuwa limatengedwa kuti ndi radiator ya isotropic.
Tinyanga zina zonse zimakhala ndi phindu losiyana ndi radiator ya isotropic.Tinyanga zina zimakhala zolunjika, ndiko kuti, mphamvu zambiri zimatumizidwa mbali zina kuposa zina.Chiyerekezo cha mphamvu zomwe zikufalikira mbali izi ndi mphamvu zomwe mlongoti samafalitsira molunjika kumatchedwa phindu.Pamene mlongoti wopatsirana wokhala ndi phindu linalake ukagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mlongoti wolandira, udzakhalanso ndi kupindula komweko.
Chithunzi cha antenna
Tinyanga zambiri zimatulutsa ma radiation ambiri mbali imodzi kuposa mbali ina, ndipo ma radiation ngati awa amatchedwa anisotropic radiation.
Kuwongolera kwa mlongoti kumatanthawuza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mtengo wamtundu wa radiation ya antenna ndi malo omwe ali pamtunda womwewo kudera lakutali.Mphamvu yakutali ya mlongoti imatha kuwonetsedwa ngati
Kumene, ndi ntchito yowongolera, yosadalira mtunda ndi mlongoti wamakono;Ndi azimuth Angle ndi phula Angle motero;Ndi nambala yoweyula ndipo ndi kutalika kwa mafunde.
Ntchito yolondolera imayimiridwa mwachiwonekere ngati graph yolunjika ya mlongoti.Kuti atsogolere kujambula kwa ndege, chojambula chachikulu cha maulendo awiri a orthogonal ndege.
Chitsanzo cha mlongoti ndi chithunzithunzi cha kugawidwa kwa malo kwa mphamvu yowunikira ya antenna.Kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito, tinyanga tikuyenera kulandira ma siginecha mbali imodzi osati kwina (monga tinyanga ta pa TV, tinyanga ta radar), mbali inayi, tinyanga tagalimoto tizilandira ma siginoloji kuchokera ku mbali zonse zomwe zingatheke potumiza ma transmitter.
Chiwongolero chomwe chimafunidwa chimatheka kudzera pamakina opangidwa ndi magetsi a mlongoti.Kuwongolera kumawonetsa kulandila kapena kutumiza kwa mlongoti mbali ina yake.
Mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana yazithunzi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza zotengera za antenna - ma cartesian ndi polar coordinates.Mu graph ya polar, mfundoyo ikuwonetsedwa pa ndege yolumikizira mozungulira mozungulira (radius), ndipo chithunzi cha polar cha radiation chimayesedwa.Monga momwe chithunzichi chili pansipa.
Ngati mtengo wokwanira wa graph yoyang'ana malo ndi wofanana ndi 1, graph yoyang'ana imatchedwa graph yokhazikika, ndipo ntchito yoyang'ana yofananira imatchedwa ntchito yokhazikika yokhazikika.Emax ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yomwe imayang'ana pamtunda waukulu kwambiri, pamene mphamvu yamagetsi ikulowera pamtunda womwewo.
Chithunzi chowongolera cha ubale pakati pa kachulukidwe ka mphamvu ndi momwe ma radiation imayendera imatchedwa chithunzi chowongolera mphamvu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-14-2023
